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Building Functions from Two Quantities

  • Grade 12
  • Mathematics
  • F-BF.A.1
  • Functions
  • Free lesson

Aligned to F-BF.A.1 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

Model a relationship by combining simpler functions — adding, multiplying, or composing them — so that one quantity depends on another in a single expression.

Worked examples

Example 1

A store charges a $5 flat fee plus $2 per item, and then adds 10% tax. The total cost is C(n) = 1.10 × (5 + 2n). For n = 3 items, C(3) = 1.10 × (5 + 6) = 1.10 × 11 = $12.10.

Example 2

A phone plan charges $25 per month plus $0.10 per minute over 500, and the bill is then taxed 8%. Write the total for m minutes used, m > 500. The overage is (m − 500) minutes, so B(m) = 1.08 × (25 + 0.10(m − 500)). At m = 700: 1.08 × (25 + 20) = 1.08 × 45 = $48.60.

Example 3

Common mistake: applying a percentage to the wrong quantity. Adding 10% tax is multiplying by 1.10, not adding 0.10 — and a 20% discount followed by 10% tax is 0.80 × 1.10 = 0.88 of the original, not 0.90. Build the function by writing the steps in the order they happen and wrapping each one around the last; the parentheses then record the order for you.

Practice questions

  1. Write a cost function for a $20 base fee plus $3 per hour.
  2. A square has side length s = t + 1. Write its area as a function of t.
  3. A phone plan is $30 plus $0.10 per minute, then an 8% tax. Write the total-cost function.

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Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Construir funciones a partir de dos cantidades

Modela una relación combinando funciones más simples — sumándolas, multiplicándolas o componiéndolas — para que una cantidad dependa de otra en una sola expresión.

Ejemplo 1: Una tienda cobra una tarifa fija de $5 más $2 por artículo, y luego agrega 10% de impuesto. El costo total es C(n) = 1.10 × (5 + 2n). Para n = 3 artículos, C(3) = 1.10 × (5 + 6) = 1.10 × 11 = $12.10.

Ejemplo 2: Un plan de teléfono cobra $25 al mes más $0.10 por minuto que pase de 500, y luego la factura paga 8% de impuesto. Escribe el total para m minutos usados, con m > 500. El excedente es (m − 500) minutos, así que B(m) = 1.08 × (25 + 0.10(m − 500)). En m = 700: 1.08 × (25 + 20) = 1.08 × 45 = $48.60.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: aplicar un porcentaje a la cantidad equivocada. Agregar 8% de impuesto es multiplicar por 1.08, no sumar 0.08 — y un 20% de descuento seguido de 10% de impuesto da 0.80 × 1.10 = 0.88 del original, no 0.90. Construye la función escribiendo los pasos en el orden en que ocurren y envolviendo cada uno alrededor del anterior; así los paréntesis registran el orden por ti.

More Functions lessons

Trigonometric Functions and the Unit CircleF-TF.A.2Equivalent Forms of a FunctionF-IF.C.8Comparing Functions in Different FormsF-IF.C.9Transformations of Function GraphsF-BF.B.3Inverse FunctionsF-BF.B.4Radian Measure and Arc LengthF-TF.A.1

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