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Equivalent Forms of a Function

  • Grade 12
  • Mathematics
  • F-IF.C.8
  • Functions
  • Free lesson

Aligned to F-IF.C.8 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

Rewriting a function by factoring or completing the square exposes different key features. Factored form reveals the zeros, while vertex form reveals the extremum (maximum or minimum) and the axis of symmetry.

Worked examples

Example 1

Take f(x) = x^2 − 6x + 5. Factoring gives (x − 1)(x − 5), so the zeros are x = 1 and x = 5. Completing the square gives (x − 3)^2 − 4, so the vertex is (3, −4) and the axis of symmetry is x = 3.

Example 2

Take f(x) = 2x² + 8x + 6. Factored: 2(x + 1)(x + 3), showing zeros at x = −1 and x = −3. Vertex form: 2(x + 2)² − 2, showing the minimum at (−2, −2). Standard form shows the y-intercept 6 at a glance. Three forms, three different questions answered instantly.

Example 3

Common mistake: assuming every quadratic factors over the integers. f(x) = x² − 2x − 4 has real zeros, but no whole-number pair multiplies to −4 and adds to −2. Completing the square gives (x − 1)² − 5, so the zeros are 1 ± √5. Failing to factor does NOT mean there are no zeros — switch methods rather than concluding the problem has no answer.

Practice questions

  1. Factor f(x) = x^2 − 9 to find its zeros.
  2. Complete the square on g(x) = x^2 + 4x + 1 to find its vertex.
  3. Rewrite h(x) = 2x^2 − 8x + 6 in vertex form and state its minimum value.

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Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Formas equivalentes de una función

Reescribir una función factorizando o completando el cuadrado revela distintas características clave. La forma factorizada muestra los ceros, mientras que la forma de vértice muestra el extremo (máximo o mínimo) y el eje de simetría.

Ejemplo 1: Toma f(x) = x^2 − 6x + 5. Al factorizar se obtiene (x − 1)(x − 5), así que los ceros son x = 1 y x = 5. Al completar el cuadrado se obtiene (x − 3)^2 − 4, entonces el vértice es (3, −4) y el eje de simetría es x = 3.

Ejemplo 2: Toma f(x) = 2x² + 8x + 6. Factorizada: 2(x + 1)(x + 3), que muestra ceros en x = −1 y x = −3. Forma de vértice: 2(x + 2)² − 2, que muestra el mínimo en (−2, −2). La forma estándar muestra de un vistazo la intersección con el eje y en 6. Tres formas, tres preguntas distintas respondidas al instante.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: suponer que toda cuadrática se factoriza con enteros. f(x) = x² − 2x − 4 tiene ceros reales, pero ningún par de enteros multiplica −4 y suma −2. Completar el cuadrado da (x − 1)² − 5, así que los ceros son 1 ± √5. No poder factorizar NO significa que no haya ceros — cambia de método en vez de concluir que el problema no tiene respuesta.

More Functions lessons

Trigonometric Functions and the Unit CircleF-TF.A.2Comparing Functions in Different FormsF-IF.C.9Building Functions from Two QuantitiesF-BF.A.1Transformations of Function GraphsF-BF.B.3Inverse FunctionsF-BF.B.4Radian Measure and Arc LengthF-TF.A.1

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