Curriculum › Grade 11 › Mathematics

Unit Circle and Trig Functions

  • Grade 11
  • Mathematics
  • F-TF.A.2
  • Functions
  • Free lesson

Aligned to F-TF.A.2 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

On the unit circle, the point at angle θ has coordinates (cos θ, sin θ). Because angles can wind around endlessly, this lets sine and cosine be defined for every real number, not just angles in a triangle.

Worked examples

Example 1

Find cos and sin of 5π/6. This angle is in the second quadrant with reference angle π/6. There cosine is negative and sine positive, so cos(5π/6) = −√3/2 and sin(5π/6) = 1/2.

Example 2

Find tan(4π/3). This angle lies in the third quadrant, with reference angle 4π/3 − π = π/3. In the third quadrant both sine and cosine are negative, so tangent (their quotient) is POSITIVE. Since tan(π/3) = √3, tan(4π/3) = √3.

Example 3

Common mistake: applying the reference angle without checking the quadrant sign. cos(2π/3) has reference angle π/3 and cos(π/3) = 1/2, but 2π/3 sits in the second quadrant where cosine is NEGATIVE, so the answer is −1/2. The reference angle supplies the SIZE; the quadrant supplies the SIGN. Get both, in that order, every time.

Practice questions

  1. Give the coordinates on the unit circle at angle 0.
  2. Find sin and cos of π (half a turn).
  3. In which quadrant are both sin θ and cos θ negative?

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Círculo Unitario y Funciones Trigonométricas

En el círculo unitario, el punto en el ángulo θ tiene coordenadas (cos θ, sen θ). Como los ángulos pueden girar sin fin, esto permite definir el seno y el coseno para todo número real, no solo para ángulos de un triángulo.

Ejemplo 1: Encuentra cos y sen de 5π/6. Este ángulo está en el segundo cuadrante con ángulo de referencia π/6. Allí el coseno es negativo y el seno positivo, así que cos(5π/6) = −√3/2 y sen(5π/6) = 1/2.

Ejemplo 2: Halla tan(4π/3). Este ángulo está en el tercer cuadrante, con ángulo de referencia 4π/3 − π = π/3. En el tercer cuadrante el seno y el coseno son ambos negativos, así que la tangente (su cociente) es POSITIVA. Como tan(π/3) = √3, entonces tan(4π/3) = √3.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: aplicar el ángulo de referencia sin revisar el signo del cuadrante. cos(2π/3) tiene ángulo de referencia π/3 y cos(π/3) = 1/2, pero 2π/3 está en el segundo cuadrante, donde el coseno es NEGATIVO, así que la respuesta es −1/2. El ángulo de referencia da el TAMAÑO; el cuadrante da el SIGNO. Consigue los dos, en ese orden, siempre.

More Functions lessons

Logarithms and Exponential EquationsF-LE.A.4Graphing Key Features of FunctionsF-IF.C.7Equivalent Forms of a FunctionF-IF.C.8Building Functions from RelationshipsF-BF.A.1Transformations of GraphsF-BF.B.3Radian Measure of AnglesF-TF.A.1

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