Curriculum › Grade 9 › English Language Arts

Purpose and Rhetoric

  • Grade 9
  • English Language Arts
  • RI.9-10.6
  • Reading: Informational
  • Free lesson

Aligned to RI.9-10.6 — Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts.

What this lesson teaches

Writers reveal a purpose and point of view through rhetorical choices — appeals, repetition, word choice; analyze how these advance their aim.

Worked examples

Example 1

An op-ed urging bike lanes repeats 'every family deserves a safe street,' using an appeal to fairness and emotion to push readers toward the author's goal.

Example 2

A fundraising letter opens with one child's name and photograph rather than the 40,000 children the charity serves. The choice is rhetorical: a single identifiable person produces far more giving than a statistic does. The writer's purpose is not to inform about scale but to move the reader to act, and the structure serves that purpose exactly.

Example 3

Common mistake: treating an emotional appeal as automatic evidence of a weak argument. Appeals to emotion are not fallacies by themselves — a piece about a housing shortage that includes a family's story is using pathos legitimately. It becomes a problem only when emotion REPLACES evidence rather than accompanying it. Ask whether the facts would still stand if the story were removed.

Practice questions

  1. State the author's purpose and one clue that reveals it.
  2. Identify a rhetorical device and explain how it serves the purpose.
  3. Analyze how the author's point of view shapes which facts appear.

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Propósito y retórica

Los autores revelan un propósito y un punto de vista mediante recursos retóricos —apelaciones, repetición, elección de palabras—; analiza cómo estos impulsan su objetivo.

Ejemplo 1: Un artículo de opinión que pide ciclovías repite «toda familia merece una calle segura», con una apelación a la justicia y la emoción para empujar al lector hacia la meta del autor.

Ejemplo 2: Una carta de recaudación abre con el nombre y la foto de un solo niño, no con los 40,000 niños que la organización atiende. La elección es retórica: una persona identificable genera mucha más donación que una estadística. El propósito del autor no es informar sobre la magnitud sino mover al lector a actuar, y la estructura sirve exactamente a ese propósito.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: tomar una apelación emocional como prueba automática de un argumento débil. Las apelaciones a la emoción no son falacias por sí solas — un texto sobre la falta de vivienda que incluye la historia de una familia usa el pathos de forma legítima. Se vuelve problema solo cuando la emoción SUSTITUYE a la evidencia en vez de acompañarla. Pregúntate si los hechos seguirían en pie si se quitara la historia.

More Reading: Informational lessons

Central Ideas & Analyzing ArgumentsRI.9-10.2Evidence and Inference in NonfictionRI.9-10.1How Ideas Unfold in NonfictionRI.9-10.3Technical and Connotative Word ChoiceRI.9-10.4How Claims Are RefinedRI.9-10.5Comparing Accounts Across MediaRI.9-10.7

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