Curriculum › Grade 12 › Mathematics

Making Inferences from Samples

  • Grade 12
  • Mathematics
  • S-IC.A.1
  • Statistics & Probability
  • Free lesson

Aligned to S-IC.A.1 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

Statistics uses data from a random sample to draw conclusions about a whole population. A well-chosen random sample lets a statistic, such as the sample mean, estimate an unknown population parameter.

Worked examples

Example 1

To estimate the average height of 2,000 students, measure a random sample of 50. If the sample mean is 165 cm, that estimates the population mean; a different random sample would give a slightly different estimate.

Example 2

To estimate the average number of hours students work per week, a researcher draws 60 names at random from the full enrollment list and finds a mean of 11.5 hours. Drawing a second random sample of 60 would give a slightly different mean — say 10.8 — and that spread between samples is exactly what the margin of error quantifies.

Example 3

Common mistake: calling a convenience sample random. Surveying whoever is in the cafeteria at noon is not a random sample: students with midday classes cannot be chosen at all, and their work hours may differ systematically. Random means every member of the population has a known, equal chance of selection — which usually requires a full list and a random number generator, not a convenient location.

Practice questions

  1. What is the difference between a sample and a population?
  2. Why should a sample be chosen randomly?
  3. A poll of 500 voters estimates support at 54%. What population is being inferred about?

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Hacer inferencias a partir de muestras

La estadística usa datos de una muestra aleatoria para sacar conclusiones sobre toda una población. Una muestra aleatoria bien elegida permite que un estadístico, como la media muestral, estime un parámetro poblacional desconocido.

Ejemplo 1: Para estimar la estatura promedio de 2,000 estudiantes, mide una muestra aleatoria de 50. Si la media muestral es 165 cm, eso estima la media poblacional; una muestra aleatoria distinta daría una estimación algo diferente.

Ejemplo 2: Para estimar el promedio de horas que los estudiantes trabajan por semana, un investigador saca 60 nombres al azar de la lista completa de inscritos y halla una media de 11.5 horas. Sacar una segunda muestra aleatoria de 60 daría una media algo distinta — digamos 10.8 — y esa dispersión entre muestras es justo lo que cuantifica el margen de error.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: llamar aleatoria a una muestra por conveniencia. Encuestar a quien esté en la cafetería al mediodía no es una muestra aleatoria: los estudiantes con clases a esa hora no pueden ser elegidos, y sus horas de trabajo pueden diferir de forma sistemática. Aleatorio significa que cada miembro de la población tiene una probabilidad conocida e igual de ser elegido — lo que suele exigir una lista completa y un generador de números aleatorios, no un lugar conveniente.

More Statistics & Probability lessons

Making Inferences from SamplesS-IC.B.4Normal Distributions and the Empirical RuleS-ID.A.4Surveys, Experiments, and Observational StudiesS-IC.B.3Comparing Two TreatmentsS-IC.B.5Events, Unions, and ComplementsS-CP.A.1Independent EventsS-CP.A.2

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