Curriculum › Grade 12 › Mathematics

Normal Distributions and the Empirical Rule

  • Grade 12
  • Mathematics
  • S-ID.A.4
  • Statistics & Probability
  • Free lesson

Aligned to S-ID.A.4 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

Bell-shaped data can be modeled by a normal distribution described by its mean and standard deviation. The empirical rule says about 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2, and 99.7% within 3.

Worked examples

Example 1

Test scores have mean 70 and standard deviation 10. About 95% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, that is between 70 − 20 = 50 and 70 + 20 = 90.

Example 2

Newborn birth weights are roughly normal with mean 3,400 g and standard deviation 500 g. A baby weighing 2,400 g is (2400 − 3400)/500 = −2 standard deviations from the mean. About 2.5% of newborns fall below that, since 95% lie within two standard deviations and the remaining 5% splits evenly between the two tails.

Example 3

Common mistake: adding percentages from the rule without tracking which region each covers. The 68% figure spans one standard deviation on BOTH sides of the mean, so the region from the mean to +1 standard deviation is 34%, not 68%. To find the percent above +1, take 50% − 34% = 16%. Sketch the curve and shade the region you want before reaching for any number.

Practice questions

  1. About what percent of data lies within 1 standard deviation of the mean?
  2. Heights average 160 cm with a standard deviation of 5 cm. Between what values do about 68% fall?
  3. With mean 100 and standard deviation 15, estimate the percent of values above 130.

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

▶ Watch this lesson

En español

Distribuciones normales y la regla empírica

Los datos con forma de campana se pueden modelar con una distribución normal descrita por su media y su desviación estándar. La regla empírica dice que cerca del 68% de los valores está dentro de 1 desviación estándar de la media, el 95% dentro de 2 y el 99.7% dentro de 3.

Ejemplo 1: Las calificaciones de un examen tienen media 70 y desviación estándar 10. Cerca del 95% de las calificaciones está dentro de 2 desviaciones estándar de la media, es decir entre 70 − 20 = 50 y 70 + 20 = 90.

Ejemplo 2: Los pesos al nacer son aproximadamente normales con media 3,400 g y desviación estándar 500 g. Un bebé de 2,400 g está a (2400 − 3400)/500 = −2 desviaciones estándar de la media. Cerca del 2.5% de los recién nacidos queda por debajo, ya que el 95% cae dentro de dos desviaciones y el 5% restante se reparte por igual entre las dos colas.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: sumar porcentajes de la regla sin fijarse en qué región cubre cada uno. El 68% abarca una desviación estándar a AMBOS lados de la media, así que la región de la media a +1 desviación es 34%, no 68%. Para hallar el porcentaje por encima de +1, calcula 50% − 34% = 16%. Dibuja la curva y sombrea la región que buscas antes de tomar cualquier número.

More Statistics & Probability lessons

Making Inferences from SamplesS-IC.B.4Making Inferences from SamplesS-IC.A.1Surveys, Experiments, and Observational StudiesS-IC.B.3Comparing Two TreatmentsS-IC.B.5Events, Unions, and ComplementsS-CP.A.1Independent EventsS-CP.A.2

Teach this lesson today

An AI tutor that guides with questions instead of just giving answers — all K–12 core subjects, every child in the family.

Start free — no card required