Curriculum › Grade 10 › Mathematics

Circles and Coordinate Geometry

  • Grade 10
  • Mathematics
  • G-GPE.A.1
  • Geometry
  • ★ Enrichment

Aligned to G-GPE.A.1 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

The equation of a circle comes from the distance formula: every point on the circle is the same distance, the radius, from the center. A circle centered at (h, k) with radius r has the equation (x - h) squared plus (y - k) squared equals r squared.

Worked examples

Example 1

A circle centered at (0, 0) with radius 5 has the equation x squared plus y squared equals 25, since 5 squared is 25.

Example 2

A circle centered at (3, -1) with radius 4 has the equation (x - 3)² + (y + 1)² = 16. Check the point (7, -1): (7 - 3)² + (-1 + 1)² = 16 + 0 = 16, so it lies on the circle, exactly 4 units to the right of the center.

Example 3

Common mistake: reading the signs of the center backwards. In (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r², the center is (h, k), so (x + 5)² + (y - 2)² = 9 has center (-5, 2), NOT (5, -2). Rewrite any plus sign as a minus of a negative — (x + 5) = (x - (-5)) — and the sign stops flipping. The radius is also r, not r²: here r = 3, not 9.

Practice questions

  1. Write the equation of a circle at the origin with radius 3.
  2. What is the radius if the equation is x squared + y squared = 49?
  3. What is the center of (x - 2) squared + (y + 1) squared = 16?

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Círculos y geometría en el plano coordenado

La ecuación de un círculo proviene de la fórmula de la distancia: cada punto del círculo está a la misma distancia —el radio— del centro. Un círculo con centro en (h, k) y radio r tiene la ecuación (x - h) al cuadrado más (y - k) al cuadrado igual a r al cuadrado.

Ejemplo 1: Un círculo con centro en (0, 0) y radio 5 tiene la ecuación x al cuadrado más y al cuadrado igual a 25, ya que 5 al cuadrado es 25.

Ejemplo 2: Un círculo con centro (3, -1) y radio 4 tiene la ecuación (x - 3)² + (y + 1)² = 16. Comprueba el punto (7, -1): (7 - 3)² + (-1 + 1)² = 16 + 0 = 16, así que está en el círculo, exactamente 4 unidades a la derecha del centro.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: leer al revés los signos del centro. En (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r², el centro es (h, k), así que (x + 5)² + (y - 2)² = 9 tiene centro (-5, 2) y NO (5, -2). Reescribe cada suma como resta de un negativo — (x + 5) = (x - (-5)) — y el signo deja de invertirse. El radio también es r, no r²: aquí r = 3, no 9.

More Geometry lessons

Proving Theorems about AnglesG-CO.C.9Using Similarity and CongruenceG-SRT.B.5Right-Triangle TrigonometryG-SRT.C.8Volume and Geometric ModelingG-GMD.A.1

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