Curriculum › Grade 12 › English Language Arts

Themes That Build on One Another

  • Grade 12
  • English Language Arts
  • RL.11-12.2
  • Reading: Literature
  • Free lesson

Aligned to RL.11-12.2 — Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts.

What this lesson teaches

Sophisticated texts develop two or more themes that interact, building meaning across the whole work.

Worked examples

Example 1

A novel weaving 'ambition' and 'isolation' shows them reinforce each other: as the character's ambition grows, so does their loneliness.

Example 2

A novel develops two themes that seem to pull against each other: that memory is unreliable, and that testimony is owed to the dead. They build on one another when the narrator realizes he is the last person who can tell the story and also the person least able to tell it accurately — the obligation and the unreliability arrive together, and the book has no interest in resolving them.

Example 3

Common mistake: describing two themes as parallel when the text makes one condition the other. Ambition and isolation are not two facts about the character; the isolation is what the ambition costs, and it accumulates only because each success removes someone. State the mechanism — as X increases, Y increases because — or you have listed themes rather than traced them.

Practice questions

  1. Identify two themes in a work and how they connect.
  2. How does one theme deepen another?
  3. Trace a theme's development from start to finish.

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Temas que se Complementan Entre Sí

Los textos sofisticados desarrollan dos o más temas que interactúan y construyen significado a lo largo de toda la obra.

Ejemplo 1: Una novela que entrelaza la 'ambición' y el 'aislamiento' muestra cómo se refuerzan mutuamente: conforme crece la ambición del personaje, también crece su soledad.

Ejemplo 2: Una novela desarrolla dos temas que parecen tirar en sentidos opuestos: que la memoria no es fiable y que se le debe testimonio a los muertos. Se sostienen mutuamente cuando el narrador comprende que es la última persona que puede contar la historia y también la menos capaz de contarla con exactitud — la obligación y la falta de fiabilidad llegan juntas, y al libro no le interesa resolverlo.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: describir dos temas como paralelos cuando el texto hace que uno condicione al otro. La ambición y el aislamiento no son dos datos sobre el personaje; el aislamiento es lo que cuesta la ambición, y se acumula justo porque cada éxito le quita a alguien. Enuncia el mecanismo — a medida que X crece, Y crece porque — o habrás enumerado temas en vez de rastrearlos.

More Reading: Literature lessons

Evidence Where a Text Stays UncertainRL.11-12.1How an Author's Choices Shape a StoryRL.11-12.3Word Choice, Connotation, and ToneRL.11-12.4Structure and the Manipulation of TimeRL.11-12.5Reading Satire, Irony, and UnderstatementRL.11-12.6Comparing Interpretations of a SourceRL.11-12.7

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