Curriculum › Grade 10 › Mathematics

Coordinate Proofs

  • Grade 10
  • Mathematics
  • G-GPE.B.4
  • Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations
  • Free lesson

Aligned to G-GPE.B.4 — Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.

What this lesson teaches

Placing a figure on the coordinate plane lets you prove geometric facts with algebra. Use the distance formula for side lengths, slope for parallel or perpendicular sides, and the midpoint formula for bisected segments. Choosing convenient coordinates (a vertex at the origin) simplifies the algebra.

Worked examples

Example 1

Prove the diagonals of a rectangle are equal. Place vertices at A(0,0), B(a,0), C(a,b), D(0,b). Diagonal AC has length sqrt((a-0)^2 + (b-0)^2) = sqrt(a^2 + b^2). Diagonal BD has length sqrt((0-a)^2 + (b-0)^2) = sqrt(a^2 + b^2). The two lengths are equal, so the diagonals of any rectangle are congruent.

Example 2

Prove the midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral form a parallelogram. Place vertices at A(0,0), B(2a,0), C(2b,2c), D(2d,2e). The midpoints are P(a,0), Q(a+b, c), R(b+d, c+e), S(d, e). Slope of PQ = c/b and slope of SR = (c+e-e)/(b+d-d) = c/b — equal, so PQ is parallel to SR. The same check on the other pair finishes the proof.

Example 3

Common mistake: placing the figure carelessly and losing generality. Proving something about all rectangles by using vertices (0,0), (5,0), (5,5), (0,5) proves it only for a 5-by-5 square. Use VARIABLES — (0,0), (a,0), (a,b), (0,b) — so nothing is assumed about the side lengths. Placing one vertex at the origin and one side on an axis is fine and saves arithmetic; fixing the actual numbers is not.

Practice questions

  1. Use the distance formula to show the triangle with vertices (0,0), (4,0), (0,4) is isosceles.
  2. Prove the segment joining midpoints of two sides of the triangle (0,0), (6,0), (0,8) is half the third side using coordinates.
  3. Place a square with vertices (0,0), (s,0), (s,s), (0,s) and show its diagonals are equal in length.

Watch the lesson

Every lesson comes with a video taught in English and Spanish — the same video the QR code in the printed workbook opens.

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En español

Demostraciones con coordenadas

Colocar una figura en el plano coordenado permite demostrar hechos geométricos con álgebra. Usa la fórmula de distancia para longitudes de lados, la pendiente para lados paralelos o perpendiculares, y la fórmula del punto medio para segmentos bisecados. Elegir coordenadas convenientes (un vértice en el origen) simplifica el álgebra.

Ejemplo 1: Demuestra que las diagonales de un rectángulo son iguales. Coloca los vértices en A(0,0), B(a,0), C(a,b), D(0,b). La diagonal AC mide raíz((a-0)^2 + (b-0)^2) = raíz(a^2 + b^2). La diagonal BD mide raíz((0-a)^2 + (b-0)^2) = raíz(a^2 + b^2). Las dos longitudes son iguales, así que las diagonales de cualquier rectángulo son congruentes.

Ejemplo 2: Demuestra que los puntos medios de los lados de cualquier cuadrilátero forman un paralelogramo. Coloca los vértices en A(0,0), B(2a,0), C(2b,2c), D(2d,2e). Los puntos medios son P(a,0), Q(a+b, c), R(b+d, c+e), S(d, e). La pendiente de PQ es c/b y la de SR es (c+e-e)/(b+d-d) = c/b — iguales, así que PQ es paralela a SR. La misma comprobación con el otro par termina la demostración.

Ejemplo 3: Error común: colocar la figura sin cuidado y perder generalidad. Demostrar algo sobre todos los rectángulos usando los vértices (0,0), (5,0), (5,5), (0,5) lo demuestra solo para un cuadrado de 5 por 5. Usa VARIABLES — (0,0), (a,0), (a,b), (0,b) — para no suponer nada sobre las longitudes. Poner un vértice en el origen y un lado sobre un eje está bien y ahorra cuentas; fijar los números concretos no.

More Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations lessons

Equation of a ParabolaG-GPE.A.2Equations of Ellipses and HyperbolasG-GPE.A.3Slope Criteria for Parallel and PerpendicularG-GPE.B.5Partitioning a Segment in a RatioG-GPE.B.6Perimeter and Area with CoordinatesG-GPE.B.7

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